Stage of Technology Integration One of the most important variables to consider when evaluating the impact of technology is the stage of integration of the technology initiative. Individual teachers and whole schools often go through stages of technology integration that may limit the scope of effects to be found. 23, 24 Schools need time to purchase and install hardware and software, train teachers on technology-related skills, and help them integrate technology into the curriculum. Effects may not be apparent in six months or a year. Evaluations over several years might better demonstrate impact. 25, 26 Evaluation designs should be longitudinal and account for these stages. Robert Kozma and Edys Quellmaiz agree that traditional forms of assessment often fall short when evaluating the impact of educational technologies. These researchers call for new criteria, measures, and methods of collecting data when the use of different technologies and pedagogies complicates assessment. 27 Projects that attempt to address variables other than student learning, such as improving teacher knowledge and skills or including new classes of participants in the education process, tax traditional assessments even more. Consequently, no single evaluation design can be used in all situations. Tackling the Problem Mantua Elementary School in Fairfax, Virginia, is a pilot site for the development and study of alternative methods of assessing technology's impact on student achievement. Sponsored by the U.S. Department of Education, Mantua's programs have documented the Department's efforts to help schools and districts design their own tools to evaluate and assess the impact of technology on student learning. Mantua has utilized the CBAM to implement technology in their school and has developed several methods for assessing technology's impact, including a Comprehensive Interdisciplinary Performance Assessment (CIPA) and student-developed digital ethnography. Full descriptions of their efforts, as well as examples of student work, are available on the school Web site.